The interwar period is usually characterised as a prime example of disintegration and national antagonism, and even claimed by some to be the 'end of globalisation'. This article shows, however, that first attempts towards an economic internationalism were possible and implemented. It argues that a changing vision of the world provided the basis for this new tendency. The irreversibility of the interconnectedness of the national economies became obvious in spite of an end of globalisation as mirrored by the decline in international trade. This shift in the vision of the economic world is described for the case of the international sugar market. Driven by the Great Depression, the sugar industries of the main European sugar exporting countries concluded a private 'gentlemen's agreement' with the main producers of sugar cane, Cuba and Java. This innovative measure of international market regulation together with the change in the vision of the world sugar market laid the foundation for the international negotiations of sugar politics after the Second World War.

The few studies on the political thought of Johan (1620-1660) and Pieter de la Court (1618-1685), next to Spinoza the two most important Dutch republicans in the second half of the seventeenth century, have primarily focused on the institutional dimensions of their republican ideology. This article approaches the brothers' thought in a different way by focusing on the moral philosophy that underlies their radical attack against arbitrary power and monarchical rule. In particular, it examines their dual interpretation of the prime passion of self-love as either corruptive of or conducive to civic virtue, and the ensuing reappraisal of well-understood self-interest as the essence of a prosperous republic.

Memory' is often confused and mistaken for myth; this is in turn connected with the widespread use of mistaking collective mythology and common myth for the idea of a 'collective memory'. This essay discusses memory and history terminology in the context of the generic concept 'classical tradition'. The case study explored here - the nineteenth-century Walhalla 'temple' near Regensburg in Southern Germany - is an attempt to discuss the classical tradition, focusing on archaeology and architecture rather than philology), within the parameters of the memory and history debate in contemporary historiography. The essay aims to develop the position of the iconic and symbolic importance of antiquity and the classical tradition in the memory and history debate as well as in historical writing. The concluding remarks emphasise the necessity of historicising tradition and its genealogies, conceptualised here as a tradition of legacies.

(Published version of EUI PhD thesis, 1984.); I tardi anni '70 e i primi anni '80 sono stati gli anni della «metaforomania». Adesso che, bene o male, è stato raggiunto uno statuto epistemologico comune, che alle metafore sono state riconosciute teoricamente condizioni di possibilità, legittimità e apporto cognitivo e che l'ondata 'delle pubblicazioni sulla metafora tende lentamente a rifluire mentre il fervore delle passioni accenna a intiepidirsi, è ora di chiedersi più concretamente quali siano e come Si configurino le metafore della nostra tradizione e se sia possibile tradurle in azione Su questi temi l'autrice conduce da tempo le sue ricerche di metaforologia pura e applicata, una parte delle quali viene qui pubblicata in volume. A una parte teorica dedicata alla conoscenza metaforica in generale e al peso delle metafore del discorso polito in particolare, viste nei loro rapporti con l'immaginario, con la scienza e con l'utopia, segue una parte espositiva ove si analizzano in maniera storico concettuale alcuni dei tanti campi metaforici della tradizione occidentale. Il primo, quelOella nave dello stato, è uno dei 'topoi' classici della politica: dall'antichità ai nostri giorni l'immagine dell'imbarcazione circondata dai flutti viene chiamata a evocare una situazione di isolamento che spinge alla solidarietà e insieme uno stato di necessità che richiede la presenza al timone di una mano ferma ed esperta. Le metafore organiciste e meccaniciste...

(Published version of EUI PhD thesis, 1986.)

Si le droit forme le langage commun et le terrain d'entente naturel des différents acteurs des politiques publiques de la justice, il partage désormais sa prééminence avec le chiffre qui fait figure de passage obligé des débats sur la réforme judiciaire. La conversion collective aux vertus du chiffre et des techniques quantitatives ne doit certainement pas laisser croire à une forme de pacification progressive des débats en la matière. Elle est d'abord l'occasion d'une recomposition des savoirs et des pouvoirs qui s'opère au détriment des formes d'auto-régulation sociale qui caractérisait traditionnellement les mondes judiciaires.; While law constitutes the common language and natural common ground between the various actors in justice public policies, numbers are now considered equally important, and a vital aspect of the debates on judicial reform. The collective discussion on the virtues of numbers and quantitative techniques must clearly not give the impression that debates on the subject are gradually calming down. It is above all an opportunity for the reconstitution of knowledge and powers which is taking place to the detriment of the forms of social self-regulation that traditionally characterised judicial circles.

En présence d'un système inefficace, coûteux, ne répondant pas aux standards de protection des droits de l'homme, l'Assemblée générale de l'ONU a décidé de profondément restructurer le système d'administration de la justice au sein de l'Organisation. Deux résolutions ont été adoptées en ce sens en 2007. La réforme concerne tant la procédure informelle que la procédure formelle d'administration de la justice. La première se voit renforcée et rationalisée autour de lombudsman et de sa fonction de médiation. La seconde voit l'institution d'un double degré de juridiction, transformant le tribunal administratif des Nations unies en un tribunal d'appel chargé d'examiner les jugements d'un tribunal du contentieux créé à la place des organes consultatifs préexistants. Ayant posé les bases du nouveau système d'administration de la justice, l'ONU voudrait finalement devenir « l'employeur modèle » qu'elle aspire à être.; Faced with an inefficient, expensive system which does not meet the protection of human rights standards, the UN General Assembly decided to completely restructure the justice administration system within the Organization. In 2007 two resolutions were adopted for that purpose. The reform affects both the informal procedure and the formal administration of justice procedure. The first is reinforced and rationalised around the ombudsman and their role as mediator. The second sees the institution from a double degree of jurisdiction...

La coordination d'organisations oeuvrant dans un même champ ou vers un même but est un problème classique de théorie des organisations aussi bien qu'une exigence pratique. La multiplication des organisations internationales spécialisées a eu, entre autres conséquences, de faire apparaître des difficultés de coordination dues au fait que certaines de leurs compétences pouvaient parfois se superposer. En prenant le cas du traitement des questions de bioéthique au niveau international, l'auteur montre comment le problème de la concurrence de compétences a été abordé de deux manières différentes. Premièrement, la formule de la coordination négative, une seule organisation intervient et les autres s'abstiennent, est vite apparue aussi frustre que frustrante. Deuxièmement, la formule de la coordination positive permet certes de recueillir l'expertise de toutes les organisations concernées mais reste complexe à mettre en oeuvre, c'est en fait plus un processus permanent qu'une solution pérennement établie qui nécessite une attention et des améliorations constantes.; The coordination of organizations working in the same field or towards the same goal is a classic theoretical problem of organizations as much as it is a practical requirement. The proliferation of specialised international organizations has resulted in...

Recadrant la définition juridique du principe de subsidiarité, l'auteur de cet article soulève un point crucial difficilement perceptible d'un droit public européen, celui de la formalisation de la procédure pré-législative. L'Union ne dispose pas de codes administratifs qui permettraient un meilleur suivi des politiques européennes. Réaffirmée par le Traité de Lisbonne qui introduit notamment de nouveaux mécanismes de monitoring, l'application du principe de subsidiarité esquisse certains critères procéduraux. Les codifier nécessiterait de les restructurer autour de quatre axes : obligation de motiver en droit, nécessité normative, principe de proportionnalité et impacts économiques, sociaux et environnementaux.; By refocusing the legal definition of the subsidiarity principle, the author of this article raises a hardly perceptible but crucial point of European public law, namely the codification of the pre-legislative procedure. The Union lacks the administrative codes it would need in order to improve monitoring of European policies. The subsidiarity principle is reiterated in the Treaty of Lisbon, which notably introduces new monitoring mechanisms. Use of the principle entails certain procedural criteria. To codify them...